We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. [12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison. Faced with annihilation, the Texans raised a white flag and were marched back to Goliad and incarcerated in the presidio chapel at Fort Defiance along with other rebels captured in the nearby area. One survivor of the massacre, a young German named H. Von Ehrenberg, wrote an account of the murders on December 3, 1853. Urrea, meanwhile, heard of their presence and marched a flying column of 300 Mexican troops to Refugio, hoping to overtake the Texians. captured in other encounters) were shot on March 27, Palm Sunday. According to the written terms, Fannins men were to be treated as prisoners of war under international custom and would be released back to the United States. The finely bred, West Point-trained officer lingered for days as a 1,400-man army led by Santa Annas chief lieutenant, General Jose de Urrea, closed in on Goliad. The common grave remained unmarked until about 1858, when a Goliad merchant, George von Dohlen, placed a pile of rocks on what was believed to be the site. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. Fannin's men possessed, besides their rifles, 500 spare muskets and nine brass cannons and, if told that it would mean death to surrender, could sell their lives at fearful cost and might cut their way through Urrea's lines. [1] The execution of the Texan soldiers, however horrific, was not without precedent. At Refugio on March 15, 1836, Urrea was again confronted with the duty of complying with the fatal decree of December 30. For information about how to add references, see, Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online (, Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online (, Castaneda, H.W. The survivors reached Goliad on February 29. And without a moment's hesitation, I plunged into the water. On March 12, they encountered a group of Texian soldiers, under the command of William Ward at Refugio. The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned Fannin's body along with the other Texians who died that day. [11] The Texians were less than one mile (1.6km) from the safety of the tree line of Coleto Creek. Duval and the few other men who escaped the massacre were heavily pursued by Mexican troops for the following days. Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses. In 1892, Duval published his journal, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, which detailed his imprisonment, escape, and eventual return to safety during the final month of the Texas Revolution. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. In October, the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. Historical tales have always been part of life for Pat Vargas Morales, whose local roots go back to at least 1889, the year her grandmother was born in Goliad. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape. Follow in their footsteps and peek into Texas' past. Some 350 to 400 Texians had been marched to their deaths after capture by the Mexican army during a bungled escape by Colonel James Fannin. The Texians thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. While the sick and wounded remained in the chapel, the other three groups were escorted on different roads out of town. They were taken to the Presidio chapel in Goliad and were kept there for a week. Urrea satisfied his conscience by shooting King and fourteen of his men, while "setting at liberty all who were colonists or Mexicans. Antonio Ramrez, and first adjutant Agustn Alcrrica (a colonel in the Tres Villas Battalion in April 1836). [5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. He said the Texan prisoners and American volunteers numbered about 400, while the Mexican captors totaled 700, in addition to cavalry and smaller groups of Mexican soldiers he saw gathered on the prairie. Twenty-eight Texians managed to escape by feigning death and other means. [4] Colonel Fannin received an order from General Sam Houston to retreat to Victoria just a few weeks later. Bounty certificates were issued at the rate of 320 acres for every three months of service. When dawn broke, however, so did the realization that the arrival of Mexican reinforcements during the night had made their situation hopeless. The Battle of Coleto ended with a Texian surrender on March 20. High Schools in Dallas, TX Map of Dallas, TX . The remaining survivors joined Fannin's troops and were later killed in the Goliad Massacre. Jakie L. Pruett and Everett B. Cole, Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1985). Upon his death in 1897 at the age of 81, Duval was the last living survivor of the Goliad Massacre.[10]. [7], Also spared were the 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion, who had surrendered while still unarmed. Amon B. In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. The conflict, a part of the Texas Revolution, was the first step in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year. Welche Kriterien es vor dem Kaufen die Nici qid zu untersuchen gibt! [3] Six Texians were taken prisoners and were marched to prison in Matamoros. Kathryn Stoner O'Connor, The Presidio La Baha del Espritu Santo de Ziga, 1721 to 1846 (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1966). The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia. Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith, (Austin, TX: H.P.N. James Fannin commanded troops stationed at Fort Defiance in Goliad. They were overtaken shortly and surrendered for lack of munitions. The guard, which was to serve also as a firing squad, included the battalions of Tres Villas and Yucatn, dismounted cavalry, and pickets from the Cuautla, Tampico, and Durango regiments. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. The execution of James W. Fannin, Jr.'s command in the Goliad Massacre was not without precedent, however, and Mexican president and general Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, who ultimately ordered the exterminations, was operating within Mexican law. A two day Battle of Coleto ensued with the Texians holding their own on the first day. Meantime, on March 23, evidently doubting Urrea's willingness to serve as executioner, Santa Anna sent a direct order to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad" to execute the prisoners in his hands. General Urrea negotiated surrender "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government", falsely stating that no prisoner taken on those terms had lost his life. [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [9] He appears in the Muster Roll of the Republic of Texas as a Private serving under Fannin, and mention of his escape from the massacre appears in the Remarks column. A monument marks the burial site outside. One week later, under the orders of Mexican General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Texians were marched outside the fort and shot. Nearly 350 rebels were executed in the Goliad Massacre, almost twice as many as were killed at the siege of the Alamo. The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. Believing they were on missions to gather wood, drive cattle or even sail to safety in New Orleans, the rebels joked and swapped stories. accessed January 19, 2023, Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. WILLIAM COKNEK. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. On March 22 William Ward, who with Amon B. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, Goliad Massacre, Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02), accessed June 10, 2013. Fannin was ordered by General Sam Houston on March 11, 1836, to abandon Goliad and retreat to the Guadalupe River near Victoria. Before his execution he made three requests. This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. Nell White, Goliad in the Texas Revolution (M.A. In February 1836 Fannin and his garrison occupied PresidioLa Baha. [9] 640-acre Donation certificates were issued for participating in any one of the following engagements: the Siege of Bexar, the Battle of the Alamo, the Goliad Massacre, and the Battle of San Jacinto. [2] J. Frank Dobie, John C. Duval: First Texas Man of Letters, Southwest Review Vol. His literary contributions, including Early Times in Texas, were said to have inspired the famous short story writer (and one-time GLO employee) O. Henry. The blood of my lieutenant was on my clothes, and around me lay my friends convulsed in their last agony. They were later marched to Matamoros. The impact of the Goliad Massacre was crucial. The Mexican army then turned northward, headed towards Goliad. A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. On March 20th, 1836, Colonel Fannin and his army unconditionally surrendered to General Urrea's forces the day after the Battle of Coleto Creek. He said the Texan prisoners and American volunteers numbered about 400, while the Mexican captors totaled 700, in addition to cavalry and smaller groups of Mexican soldiers he saw gathered on the prairie. Fannin sent Captain Amon B. [16] Fannin was unaware General Santa Anna had decreed execution for all rebels. 1887; facsimile rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). Slaughter at Goliad : the Mexican massacre of 400 Texas volunteers / by: Stout, Jay A., 1959- Published: (2008) Goliad : the other Alamo / by: Bradle, William R. Published: (2007) Captain Phillip Dimmitt's commandancy of Goliad, 1835-1836 : an episode of the Mexican Federalist war in Texas, usually referred to as the Texian Revolution / by: Huson, Hobart, 1893-1983 Published: (1974) The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. Short on munitions and supplies, with no hope of rescue, the majority of Ward's men voted to surrender under good terms. On I went, the river rolled at my feet, the shouting and yelling behind. Encircled by the enemy and low on ammunition and water, the desperate Texans worked through the night to dig ditches and haul overturned carts, dead horses and even fallen comrades to buttress the walls of their earthworks. Please improve this article by adding a reference. Goliad. The dead are suspected illegal immigrants from Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico, according to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across Texas toward Fort Defiance, the presidio in Goliad that had been seized by the rebels in October 1835 at the onset of the war for independence. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad. "[20] Other people known to have rescued some prisoners were: Juan Holzinger (saved two German Texians captured among Capt. The Texans lost control of Goliad on March 20, 1836, in the Battle of Coleto Creek. The immediate advance of the enemy may be confidently expected, Houston warned Fannin. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. M1 Garand; Vince Speranza; Vijayant Thapar; List of active duty United States four-star officers; Comparison of the T-90A and M1A2 Abrams; Charles Keating IV 465 people were taken prisoner and of those people 342 were killed. O massacre foi relutantemente realizado pelo general Jos de Urrea sob as ordens do presidente do Mxico, Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna . Save big when you register early. Twenty-eight of them were tried as pirates, convicted, and, on December 14, 1835, shot (see TAMPICO EXPEDITION). Another written account can be found in Early Times in Texas (serial form, 186871; book, 1892) by John Crittenden Duval. [6] In late December, at his behest, the Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Date: March 27, 1836. Santa Anna sent General Jos Urrea marching into Texas from Matamoros, to make his way north along the coast of Texas. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . The Goliad Massacre, the tragic termination of the Goliad Campaign of 1836, is of all the episodes of the Texas Revolution the most infamous. The killing Though some managed to escape en route, most remained there until the Mexican government later released them. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman known as the Angel of Goliad who convinced a Mexican colonel to spare the lives of approximately 20 doctors, orderlies and interpreters. Over the protests of his officers, Fannin also ordered his troops to stop for more than an hour to allow their oxen to graze. Believing that he had found an effective deterrent to expected American help for Texas, Santa Anna sought and obtained from the Mexican Congress the decree of December 30, 1835, which directed that all foreigners taken in arms against the government should be treated as pirates and shot. Only twenty-eight escaped the firing squads, and twenty more were spared as physicians, orderlies, interpreters, or mechanics largely because of the entreaties of a "high bred beauty" whom the Texans called the "Angel of Goliad" (see ALAVEZ, FRANCITA), and the brave and kindly intervention of Col. Francisco Garay. Facing extremely long odds, the men chose to stay and fight. LEE OXFORD BOOKS New York American New-YorkMay 14, 1836 SURVIVOR AFFIDAVIT OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE BY ZACHARIAH S. BROOKS, WILSON SIMPSON AND DILLARD COOPER DESCRIPTION: 4-page original newspaper in go Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS (/kltn/; 15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. [31] In 1939, the Fannin Memorial Monument by Raoul Josset was erected at the gravesite. In Goliad, Colonel James Fannin commanded the Texan force of nearly 500 trained soldiers and militia. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos. Davenport presented the address, which was published as "The Men of Goliad" in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1939). All Rights Reserved. The first prisoners taken by Urrea were the survivors of Francis W. Johnson's party, captured at and near San Patricio on February 27, 1836 (see SAN PATRICIO, BATTLE OF). [1], Forty Texians were unable to walk. He was taken by Mexican soldiers to the courtyard in front of the chapel, blindfolded, and seated in a chair. Urrea detained about twenty of Ward's men to build boats at Guadalupe Victoria, and Seora Alavez intervened with her husband, Col. Telesforo Alavez, whom Urrea left in charge of this village, to spare their lives as well; they afterward escaped. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. This article does not contain any citations or references. On March 14, Ward defended his position at the Refugio Mission, while King's men fought from a stand of trees. Refresh the page, check Medium 's. [6], The entire Texian force was killed except for twenty-eight men who feigned death and escaped. John Crittenden Duval, Early Times in Texas, or the Adventures of Jack Dobell (Austin: Gammel, 1892; new ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986). Mexican troops under the command of General Jos de Urrea defeated rebellious immigrants to the Mexican province of Texas, known as Texians, in a series of clashes in February and March. "Remember the Alamo; remember Goliad!" That was the cry of those fighting for Texas' independence after General Santa Anna ordered the execution of more than 400 men who had surrendered at Goliad. Still, Fannin became cheerful and reported to his men that the Mexicans were making arrangements for their departure. [20][21], The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. Articles from the Texas General Land Office Save Texas History Program, Official Account for the Texas General Land Office | Follow Commissioner George P. Bush on Twitter at @georgepbush. [22], Fannin's retreat and the Battle of Coleto, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD CAMPAIGN OF 1836," Handbook of Texas Online, Craig H. Roell, "REFUGIO, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goliad_Campaign&oldid=1075168209, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, est. [20] The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned his body along with those of the other Texians killed that day. William Lockhart Hunter [127] William Lockhart Hunter No Portrait Available William L. Hunter 1809 - 1886 Born in Virginia, June 5, 1809 Died at Austin, Tex. Similar Items. News of the Goliad Massacre spread outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the fledgling Republic of Texas and abroad. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. War was begun with the incident at Gonzales. Fannin and some forty (Pea estimated eighty or ninety) wounded Texans unable to march were put to death within the presidio under the direction of Capt. Six Texians escaped, five were recaptured and marched to Goliad. The Goliad Campaign was the 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution. The Texans thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. Henderson K. Yoakum, History of Texas from Its First Settlement in 1685 to Its Annexation to the United States in 1846 (2 vols., New York: Redfield, 1855). [1][5], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the 303 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point-blank, and any survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. [citation needed] After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned. Eleven Texians were killed outright, five suffered mortal wounds, and 21 others were taken . [6], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready for war." Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. After capturing one of Fannin's messengers, who was carrying dispatches that told of the commander's plan to wait at Goliad and retreat after King and Ward returned, Urrea ordered the execution of 30 prisoners who he decided were mercenaries. Only then were they made aware that Colonel Fannin and his men had already surrendered following the Battle of Coleto. But Portilla's volleys at Goliad, together with the fall of the Alamo, branded both Santa Anna and the Mexican people with a reputation for cruelty and aroused the fury of the people of Texas, the United States, and even Great Britain and France, thus considerably promoting the success of the Texas Revolution. Two hours later Portilla received another order, this one from Urrea, "to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin," and to employ them in rebuilding the town. The Texians were marched back to Goliad and held as prisoners at Fort Defiance,[17] each believing that they were going to be set free in a matter of weeks. [30] Fannin's men had agreed upon and reduced to writing the terms upon which they proposed to capitulate. Hobart Huson, Refugio: A Comprehensive History of Refugio County from Aboriginal Times to 1953 (2 vols., Woodsboro, Texas: Rooke Foundation, 1953, 1955). That afternoon, Urrea's troops surrounded the Texians on an open prairie. by Charlotte Churchill, With Milam and Fannin, Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). According to Mexican law, foreign fighters taken on Mexican soil were to be executed for piracy. The Texians repulsed Mexican attacks for several days. This may have been correct. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. Her father was a history teacher, so she grew up immersed in history books and spent her holidays tramping around battlefields, graveyards and museums. The set of casualties included commander James Fannin. [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. Knowing the prisoners' probable fate, General Urrea departed Goliad, leaving command to Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, and later writing to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. The Texas cause was dependent on the material aid and sympathy of the United States. Henry Stuart Foote, Texas and the Texans (2 vols., Philadelphia: Cowperthwait, 1841; rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). [1] Urrea arrived in Matamoros and worked to secure cooperation from the local inhabitants on January 31, 1836. Amon B. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre. The town is the county seat of Goliad County, one of the oldest counties of Texas and is located about 100 miles southeast of San Antonio, 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi on U.S. 183-77A. [citation needed]. William Kennedy, Texas: The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas (London: Hastings, 1841; rpt., Fort Worth: Molyneaux Craftsmen, 1925). 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. A Mexican consular official initially said only one of the dead. The outcome was The Goliad massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was the killing of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, during the Texas Revolution by the Mexican Army under orders from General and President of Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. CORRUPT AUSTRALIAN MILITARY HISTORY: The fight to validate the 2nd D&E Platoon, Biography of Nnamdi Kanu, Age, Career and Net Worth, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02. Santa Anna replied to Urrea's clemency letter on March 23 by ordering immediate execution of these "perfidious foreigners" and repeated the order in a letter the next day. When the Texans finally resumed their march in the afternoon, they quickly encountered the Mexican forces. Despite the protests for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was reluctantly carried out by Lt. It was, on the whole, that in shooting these prisoners, Mexico was acting within its rights. Within his journal, John recounts adventures involving fellow Goliad survivors, a Mexican lion, Indians, rattlesnakes, and much more before he was able to reach civilization around May 4, 1836.[8]. At a prearranged moment, or upon a given signal, the guards fired upon the prisoners at a range too close to miss. While Texans were fighting the final battle for their independence on April 21, 1836, a survivor of the Goliad Massacre was spending his 21st day on the run. Read More. Those not killed by the gunshots were butchered with bayonets. The San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays,and others were marched along the Victoria road in the direction of the lower ford. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. The inscription on the watch reads that Jack retrieved Fannin's watch among the items taken from the Mexicans and returned it to Fannin's family. He sent couriers to Ward, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea's cavalry. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. The name of Goliad was etched in Texas' collective memory, however, through a single eventthe now-disputed Goliad Massacre. There is no remedy. What is the date for the 2019 Goliad Massacre Reenactment? Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. Unsere Bestenliste Jan/2023 - Ultimativer Test Beliebteste Modelle Beste Angebote Smtliche Vergleichssieger JETZT direkt ansehen. Goliad Massacre. This made the Texans angry and led to th Battle of San Jacinto. [15][16], The Mexicans took the Texians back to Goliad, where they were held as prisoners at Fort Defiance (Presidio La Bahia). Fannin could have probably cut his way to safety, but he refused to abandon the wounded. Things to Do Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle). Houston ordered Colonel James W. Fannin to evacuate his 400-man force from Goliad and retreat to Victoria, a town 30 miles to the east behind the natural defense of the Guadalupe River. And militia while King 's men fought from a stand of trees under terms... 12, they encountered a group of Texian soldiers, under the command of Ward... 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Are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C what is the date for the Texians on open... But he refused to abandon the wounded against the chapel wall and even them. The prisoners were marched into Goliad, on December 14, 1835, (. Had made their situation hopeless images, vectors and videos the execution of Alamo... The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the Presidio, the guards fired upon prisoners! And to comply with copyright law poems titled Leaves of Grass on 22... Given white arm bands and, while King 's men fought from a stand trees. Accordance with Title 17 U.S.C for their departure while `` setting at liberty all were! To 30 % when you upgrade to an image pack could walk about freely Urrea was again confronted with fatal... Roads out of town toward the San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays and! Had already surrendered following the Battle of Coleto ended with a Texian on. And led to th Battle of Refugio you upgrade to an image pack memory, however so! To be executed for piracy the United States with no hope of rescue, the other groups. King and fourteen of his men had agreed upon and reduced to writing goliad massacre survivors...
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